The rhythm of the Arctic summer: Diverse activity patterns of birds during the Arctic breeding season
Biological rhythms are essential for the regulation of many life processes. During the annual cycle, seasonal rhythms regulate the timing of reproductive activities. In our latitudes this a relatively easy task, as the marked annual changes in a day-night cycle (the photoperiod) entrains the seasonal clock. At the equator, where there is almost no change in day length over the year the animals have to rely on cues other than the photoperiod to time reproduction. However, in order to adjust its circadian clock an organism needs a certain light-dark cycle as a Zeitgeber. In the absence of a suitable Zeitgeber animals run free, which means they develop their own rhythm that can substantially deviate from a 24 hours day. Free-running cycles have been observed in animals and humans. Polar regions constitute extreme environments in this respect, as there is, around the summer and winter solstices, either constant light or constant darkness. Therefore, animals living in these harsh environments may have to depend on other cues in order to adjust their internal clock. These cues are relatively hard to determine.
An attempt to identify such cues has been made by a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen and Radolfzell. They investigated four bird species living in Alaska; three shorebird species, the semipalmated sandpiper, the pectoral sandpiper, the red phalarope, and one songbird species, the Lapland longspur. Remarkably, all four species have different mating systems. While the semipalmated sandpiper is strictly monogamous, the Lapland longspur, in addition to its monogamous lifestyle, shows occasional polygyny, where one male mates with several females. Polygyny is the rule in the mating system of the pectoral sandpiper, while the red phalarope is polyandrous, i.e. one female simultaneously mates with several males. Moreover, in the latter species the sex roles are reversed. The study site was a mere two square kilometre tundra area near Barrow in Northern Alaska. The researchers equipped in total 142 birds with radiotelemetry transmitters and determined their daily activity patterns using so-called actograms.
When analysing the activity data the researchers detected a whole array of biological rhythms. The Lapland longspur exhibited a robust 24 hour activity cycle throughout the breeding season and showed a regular but short resting period from about midnight to 4:00 am. However, in the shorebirds, depending on sex and breeding stage, there was either a robust 24 hour rhythm, or continuous activity and "free-running" circadian rhythms. But why are there such different activity patterns within the same habitat? A closer look at the "lifestyles" of the investigated species provides an explanation. Although all these species are migratory and are entrained to a regular light-dark regime in their wintering and stopover sites, during the short breeding season of the Arctic summer, they have to cope with extreme environmental conditions. Food availability could be a major factor in entraining the 24 hour cycle found in the Lapland longspur and in the care-giving sexes of the two polygamous species during incubation. This reflects a higher nest attendance at night as there are marked daily fluctuations in ground temperature with "nights" being very cold.
Further, no insects are available at night and continuous incubation is necessary to prevent the eggs from cooling off. On the other hand, male pectoral sandpipers are almost continuously active. This intense wakefulness pays off as, in an earlier study, it has been shown that the most active males sired the most offspring. In the monogamous semipalmated sandpiper with biparental care, there is evidence of social synchronisation as both breeding partners exhibited the same "free running" activity pattern during the incubation period. Our comparative study revealed that the avian circadian system can be entrained by environmental as well as social factors within a short period in the Arctic summer, which suggests a remarkable plasticity, says Bart Kempenaers, head of the research team.
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