郑少群博客: 十二月 2013

2013年12月31日星期二

Testosterone in male songbirds may enhance desire to sing, but not song quality

Dec. 30, 2013 — For the male canary, the ability to sing a pitch-perfect song is critical to wooing female canaries. As the seasons change, so does song quality and frequency. The hormone testosterone plays a role in this changing song behavior.

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Researchers at The Johns Hopkins University have found that introducing testosterone in select areas of a male canary's brain can affect its ability to successfully attract and mate with a female through birdsong. They also found that enhancing song activity based on testosterone in one brain area can change the size of a separate brain area that regulates song quality. These findings could shed light on how testosterone acts in the human brain to regulate speech or help explain how anabolic steroids affect human behaviors.

In a paper recently published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, graduate student and lead author Beau Alward along with senior author Gregory F. Ball, vice dean for science and research infrastructure and professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences in the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, found that when male canaries received testosterone in a specific area in the brain, the frequency of the song increased. However, the quality of songs sung did not change in comparison to the male birds that received testosterone throughout the brain.

Hormones such as testosterone coordinate several areas of the avian brain to produce a physiological response, such as birdsong, said Alward. To determine how testosterone influences birdsong, Alward and Ball divided 20 canaries into two groups to receive a hormone implant.

One group received the testosterone injection in a specific area of the brain, the medial preoptic nucleus, or POM, which controls sexual motivation in many animals as well as in humans. The second group was received with testosterone that acted throughout the brain. A third group received no hormone treatment at all.

Alward said both groups of birds that received testosterone treatment sang but the researchers noticed in some cases the canaries' songs were sung poorly. The birds that only received testosterone to the POM sang at high rates, but could not produce high quality song that is most attractive to females.

"Our data suggests that testosterone needs to act in different areas of the brain to regulate the specific components of this complex social phenomenon," said Alward. "It appears that, like in so many other species, testosterone in the POM can regulate an animal's motivation, in this case, the motivation to sing. However, singing and courting a female is more than just motivation. There is the quality of the song that is required to successfully attract a mate and then the process of attending to the female, or singing to her, when she is there which requires the coordination of multiple brain regions."

Meanwhile, the canaries that received testosterone throughout the brain displayed high-quality typical canary vocalization behavior, consistent with the idea that the hormone acts on several different brain areas to regulate how much as well as how well the birds can sing.

The canary brain is considered a good model for brain study due to its ability to change its neural pathways and synapses in response to changes in behavior, the seasonal environment and injury. For the birds used in the study, the researchers artificially replicated a springtime environment to study the birdsong and mating habits that occur during the appropriate season. The birds responded to the spring-like conditions with birdsong and mating behaviors as they normally would at that time of the year.

The researchers say these results have broad implications for research concerning how steroid use in humans affects sexual behaviors and how hormones regulate the difference components of speech in humans.

"The hormones in these birds are identical to those in humans and they can regulate brain changes in a similar manner," said Ball.

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Business 110 inch TV goes on sale for £100,000

2013/12/31

The world’s largest TV at 110 inches went on sale today for £100,000 from Samsung.

The TV uses ultra-high definition technology – said to have 4x higher pixel density than HD.

The TV is 102 inches wide and 70 inches tall. Samsung says it has had ten orders already.

The previous biggest TV was 85 inches.

UHDTV was developed by NHK and adopted as a standard by the CEA.

It applies to TVs with an aspect ratio of at least 16:9 and at least one digital input capable of carrying and presenting native video at a minimum resolution of 3,840 × 2,160 pixels.

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2013年12月30日星期一

Viewpoints EDA tools and IP are still design differentiators, says Synopsys

2013/12/30

Gabriel Lezmi

The European macro environment has been showing signs of uncertainty, and the continued pressure of this economic squeeze is challenging. Simultaneously, our customers continue to have a high degree of focus on aggressive design activity, writes Gabriel Lezmi, vice president of Synopsys sales in Europe.

The result is a strong demand for advanced tools and silicon intellectual property (IP).

For our customers, high-impact EDA and IP are more differentiating than ever before, making deep collaboration with the right supplier crucial. Synopsys benefits from these trends and our important investments in R&D continue to pay off.

Looking at the continued technology evolution, Synopsys enables the most advanced designs in the world. Be it design at the most innovative FinFET technology nodes, or advanced design at more established nodes, customers rely on Synopsys whenever they want competitive differentiation.

Over the past 10 years, the use of third-party commercial IP has gone from experimental to mainstream. In parallel, IP complexity has evolved from simple cost-advantaged blocks, to a broad portfolio of all the main interface protocols, to extremely complex, state-of-the-art and rapidly evolving next-generation solutions.

Today, software drivers and even entire operating systems can be delivered with IP cores, creating IP subsystems. Recently, we even announced a new low-power IP subsystem for sensors, aimed at the emerging market for the Internet of Things. Something that makes it different is that it’s an integrated, pre-verified system that sensor developers can purchase off-the-shelf, rather than developing and assembling each component themselves.

The amount of IP that the top 20 semiconductor vendors consume has increased by 5X over the past few years. Synopsys has about 1,900 engineers designing commercial IP blocks, giving us the number-one position in interface, embedded memories and analog IP.

We estimate that only about 50 percent of these types of blocks are outsourced today, and we expect this market segment to continue to grow, driven by more outsourcing and by additional protocols and titles, such as interface IP for sensors.

Europe is well positioned in the fast growing high-performance electronic sensor market with its specialty fabs and foundries. To support our customers in this important area, we’ve been providing simulation tools to help process refinement, and we’ve been collaborating to develop standard iPDKs.

The largest bottleneck in system and chip design today is in verification. Synopsys has been delivering verification solutions for many years in both leading-edge digital verification and analog circuit simulation, where tool performance is key and a complete solution is increasingly a must.

In systems, the need to simultaneously verify hardware and software is growing in equally rapid importance. The combination of emulation, FPGA-based prototyping and virtual prototyping is unique in its breadth and capabilities. In the past, customers typically built and assembled complex FPGA boards in-house to complement their chip simulation and accelerate their hardware/software debugging.

In automotive, for example, our customers are taking advantage of our leading virtual prototyping technology so they can start their software development earlier and accelerate system integration, test and validation.

With the addition of the most comprehensive open debug system, (Verdi), and our verification IP offering, we address the entire verification market with outstanding tools.

By investing more than 30 percent of our revenue in R&D each year, and by employing more than 1,000 engineers who work closely with European companies, Synopsys continues to demonstrate broad strength and technology innovation.

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Viewpoints Linear Technology CEO Lothar Maier looks ahead to 2014

2013/12/30

Lothar Maier

With 2014 global outlook likely to be another slow growth year similar to 2013, it’s imperative that a company be in the right markets at the right time if it is going to outperform the market, writes Lothar Maier, CEO, Linear Technology.

The effects of the past financial crisis, subsequent deep recession and now a subdued recovery continue to pose enormous challenges to businesses and their customers. But even in this subdued global business environment, markets are shifting and sometimes in unnoticed directions.

In the analog semiconductor market, the sands have shifted favoring the automotive and industrial markets and away from the consumer and communications markets. This seems extraordinary since there appears to be no bounds on the parade of new consumer electronic devices that are served up daily.

But with feature integration and performance stagnation, the analog communications and consumer markets have in the past several years declined or shown only modest market growth.

Six or seven years ago Linear Technology presented the idea to investors that new product design and development was going to shift away from communications and consumer to automotive and Industrial markets. It was met with skepticism and maybe some disbelief.

But time has proven that automotive and industrial analog markets are in a new electronic age. The industrial segment of the analog market has grown from 6% of the total market 10 years ago to 21% today. Also, in just the last 4 years, the analog automotive market has grown from 14% of the total analog market to 20%.

Even if global economies are only showing modest recoveries, being in the right markets at the right time matters if a company is going to outgrow the market. In the past several years, Linear Technology revenue derived from the automotive and industrial market has grown to 62% of revenue and 86% of revenue comes from non-consumer end markets.

Success in these markets needs more than market and sales focus. It needs products that bring value and innovation. Industrial and automotive system environment demands products that are precise, reliable and can operate over wide temperature ranges with efficient thermal management. The automotive and industrial markets are in an innovation cycle and need compelling analog products to improve performance, efficiency and drive end market differentiation.

Innovative products such as the Linear Technology unique family of Micromodules have gained broad acceptance in these markets. Micromodule products are complete solutions in a semiconductor package that minimize design time and solve the common problem of board space density, transferring the design burden from the designer to the micromodule, greatly reducing design time.

Today’s designs demand reduced energy use and improved system performance under the pressure of vanishing development times. This challenge is met with Linear Technology Power System Management products (PSM) that use powerful GUI software, LTpowerPlay, providing control and monitoring of power usage, voltages, sequencing, margining and fault data logging. This is just a small sample of the over 7000 innovative analog products that Linear Technology provides to its customers.

In the analog market, it’s no longer enough to have compelling products, but as the products become more complex, mixing analog and digital functions frequently needing software and applications support, having a skilled worldwide field applications engineering team is a prerequisite for success.

This is particularly necessary in the industrial and automotive markets. The products in these markets are complex systems that may be designed and manufactured at multiple locations with a global footprint. Linear Technology provides consistent customer application engineer support, interconnected anywhere on the globe from design to manufacturing to sales support.

An improving market benefits all companies, but the current global economic impasse requires companies to chart their own path to growth and in analog being in the right markets at the right time matters.

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Business Silence on European Leaders Group report on Kroes 20% IC market share target

2013/12/30

The date for delivering a plan to implement EC Vice President Neelie Kroes’ plan to win a 20% market share in ICs has passed, but no news of the plan has emerged from Brussels.

Under Kroes’ 10/100/20 plan to revive semiconductor manufacturing in Europe, the mechanics of how to achieve Kroes’ aspiration of 20% semiconductor market share were to be left to industry leaders.

So the European Leaders Group (ELG) was set up last October to work out a plan to implement Kroes’ ambitions. It was due to report on December 16th.

The group consisted of: Ben Verwaayen, formerly of BT and Alcatel, Carlo Bozotti of STM
Reinhard Ploss, CEO of Infineon, Rutger Wijburg of Globalfoundries, Rick Clemmer of NXP
Hubert Lakner of Fraunhofer, Mike Muller of ARM, Peter Wennink of ASML, André-Jacques Auberton-Hervé of SOITEC, Luc van den Hove of Imec, Jean Therme of CEA, Eamonn Sinnott of Intel.

Some of these were known to be against the plan. There were reports that some group members thought that the target should be re-defined to refer to systems sales not chip sales.

The three IDM CEOs, Bozotti, Clemmer and Ploss, were said to be major stand-outs against Kroes’ aspiration. They have no plans to build fabs in Europe and, without them building manufacturing capacity, there is seemingly no way Europe can make 20% of the world’s ICs.

The plan should have been delivered by now but, so far, there is no word on its findings.

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Business Doubts over 450mm and EUV

2013/12/30

It is becoming clear that the three main proponents of 450mm wafer processing – Intel, Samsung and TSMC – are becoming resigned to delays on 450mm implementation.

There have been indications for some time that the G450C consortium 450mm effort at Albany has run into trouble.

Then, before Christmas, Paul van Gerven wrote on Bits&Chips that ASML’s effort to develop 450mm has been ‘reduced’.

van Gerven said that Samsung, TSMC and Intel have not pulled out of funding 450mm but he speculates that the programme has slowed because of an intervention by them.

The intervention could be a result of a disagreement by the three companies on some aspect of the programme, or because of a slowing in the rate of funding, or a technical hitch, or something else, but van Gerven says that although the goal of having a machine by 2015/16 for production in 2018 is achievable so far as ASML is concerned – nonetheless it will be delayed unless the three backers green light it.

It looks as though the first 450mm wafers to be processed will most likely come out of the 450mm prototype line being put in at Imec using an ASML machine, but Albany is said to be planning to use a Nikon machine for 450mm and Intel may follow suit.

Meanwhile the complementary technology for next-generation wafer processing – EUV -looks like being held up because of the light-source issue. 250W is needed; 20W is deliverable. No one thinks EUV will be available at 10nm.

It seems that Albany is not even on ASML’s order book for an EUV machine.

All may be revealed on Feb 7th when Imec hosts a 450mm progress report in Leuven organised by a Future Horizons and SEMI

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Cone snails are for life, not just at Christmas

But cone snails, as they are known from their shape, are unprotected and under increasing threat of extinction according to a pioneering new study by researchers at the University of York, UK. Their loss could rob future generations of an, as yet, undiscovered reservoir of pharmaceuticals.

Cone snails live in warm tropical seas and manufacture powerful venom to immobilize their prey of fish, worms and other snails. Scientists are using these neurotoxins increasingly for research into the development of life-saving drugs.

Across the world, however, tropical marine habitats are being lost due to coastal development, pollution, destructive fishing and climate change, resulting in rapid species loss. A new global assessment of all 632 species of cone snails for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List by researchers from the Environment Department at the University of York -- the first for any group of marine snails -- finds that some species are at imminent risk of extinction. Research, published in PLOS ONE, disproves the notion that the vastness of the oceans assures the survival of marine species. It reveals clusters of species occupying small areas that could quickly disappear as threats escalate.

Blessed with beautiful and coveted shells, cone snails have been collected for hundreds, possibly thousands of years -- cone shells have been found in ancient Neolithic sites and there is a Rembrandt etching of a cone shell from 1650. Some rare specimens change hands for thousands of dollars, a popularity which brings welcome income to thousands of poor people who hunt for shells for sale to dealers and tourists.

More importantly, during their evolution, cone snails have developed complex venoms, some powerful enough to kill people. Scientists are now using these for research into novel drugs for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of pernicious medical conditions including intense chronic pain, epilepsy, asthma and multiple sclerosis.

Lead author, Howard Peters, of the Environment Department at York, says: "Cone snails are seeing rapid shrinkage of their habitats as human impacts multiply. We found that 67 species are currently threatened or near-threatened with extinction worldwide, but this rises to nearly half of all species (42) in the Eastern Atlantic, where there is an extraordinary concentration of range-restricted species. In Cape Verde, 53 species are found nowhere else in the world of which 43 live only around single islands. Here, pollution and shoreline construction for the expanding tourist industry threaten their existence. Sand is being dredged from the shallows where cone snails live to make concrete for resorts, harbours and cruise liner terminals. Collection of shells by divers and snorkelers could hasten their demise."

The study found an almost complete lack of protection for cone snails anywhere in the world.

Howard Peters says: "Despite their extraordinary beauty and value, cone snails have fallen completely underneath the conservation radar. These snails need swift action to protect their habitats and publicise the dire consequences of irresponsible shell collecting of the most threatened species. Holidaymakers need to think twice before taking a seashell home as a souvenir."

Co-author Professor Callum Roberts adds: "This study provides an important yardstick from which to measure our growing impact on molluscs, one of the richest groups in the sea, and the long-term consequences of ocean acidification. Ocean acidity is increasing due to fossil fuel burning as carbon dioxide dissolves in the sea. Without action to reduce emissions, rising acidity could cause shelled marine creatures to literally dissolve away by the end of this century."

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Gene that influences the ability to remember faces identified

Dec. 23, 2013 — New findings suggest the oxytocin receptor, a gene known to influence mother-infant bonding and pair bonding in monogamous species, also plays a special role in the ability to remember faces. This research has important implications for disorders in which social information processing is disrupted, including autism spectrum disorder. In addition, the finding may lead to new strategies for improving social cognition in several psychiatric disorders.

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A team of researchers from Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, the University College London in the United Kingdom and University of Tampere in Finland made the discovery, which will be published in an online Early Edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

According to author Larry Young, PhD, of Yerkes, the Department of Psychiatry in Emory's School of Medicine and Emory's Center for Translational Social Neuroscience (CTSN), this is the first study to demonstrate that variation in the oxytocin receptor gene influences face recognition skills. He and co-author David Skuse point out the implication that oxytocin plays an important role in promoting our ability to recognize one another, yet about one-third of the population possesses only the genetic variant that negatively impacts that ability. They say this finding may help explain why a few people remember almost everyone they have met while others have difficulty recognizing members of their own family.

Skuse is with the Institute of Child Health, University College London, and the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust, London.

Young, Skuse and their research team studied 198 families with a single autistic child because these families were known to show a wide range of variability in facial recognition skills; two-thirds of the families were from the United Kingdom, and the remainder from Finland.

The Emory researchers previously found the oxytocin receptor is essential for olfactory-based social recognition in rodents, like mice and voles, and wondered whether the same gene could also be involved in human face recognition. They examined the influence of subtle differences in oxytocin receptor gene structure on face memory competence in the parents, non-autistic siblings and autistic child, and discovered a single change in the DNA of the oxytocin receptor had a big impact on face memory skills in the families. According to Young, this finding implies that oxytocin likely plays an important role more generally in social information processing, which is disrupted in disorders such as autism.

Additionally, this study is remarkable for its evolutionary aspect. Rodents use odors for social recognition while humans use visual facial cues. This suggests an ancient conservation in genetic and neural architectures involved in social information processing that transcends the sensory modalities used from mouse to man.

Skuse credits Young's previous research that found mice with a mutated oxytocin receptor failed to recognize mice they previously encountered. "This led us to pursue more information about facial recognition and the implications for disorders in which social information processing is disrupted." Young adds the team will continue working together to pursue strategies for improving social cognition in psychiatric disorders based on the current findings.

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Peanut and tree nut allergy incidence lower among children whose mothers ate them during pregnancy, study finds

Dec. 23, 2013 — Women need not fear that eating peanuts during pregnancy could cause their child to develop a peanut allergy, according to a new study from Boston Children's Hospital published online Dec. 23 in JAMA Pediatrics.

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"Our study showed increased peanut consumption by pregnant mothers who weren't nut allergic was associated with lower risk of peanut allergy in their offspring," says the study's senior author Michael Young, MD, of Boston Children's Division of Allergy and Immunology. "Assuming she isn't allergic to peanuts, there's no reason for a woman to avoid peanuts during pregnancy."

Previously, women had been advised to avoid highly allergenic foods such as peanuts and tree nuts during pregnancy and while nursing, and that their children should avoid peanuts until 3 years of age. The goal of these recommendations, despite a lack of supporting research, was to minimize early allergen exposure and sensitization, thereby reducing the risk of developing childhood peanut allergy. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) endorsed these recommendations in 2000. However, from 1997 to 2007, the number of peanut allergy cases in the U.S. tripled, leading the medical community to reexamine its recommendations. Based on the lack of evidence supporting early dietary avoidance, the AAP rescinded the recommendation in 2008.

"No one can say for sure if the avoidance recommendation for peanuts was related to the rising number of peanut allergies seen in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but one thing is certain: it did not stop the increase," Young says. "It was clear that a new approach was needed, opening the door for new research."

To further define the relationship between maternal diet and the development of food allergy in offspring, Young and his team analyzed large amounts of data provided by the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS). Examining the records of 8,205 children, the researchers positively identified 140 cases of peanut or tree nut allergies. They then examined the diets of each child's mother -- specifically, peanut and nut consumption -- during the peri-pregnancy period and compared them with the dietary habits of pregnant women whose children did not develop a peanut allergy.

Young and team found that the rate of peanut allergy was significantly lower among children in the study whose mothers ate peanuts during the peri-pregnancy period. Although this is a substantial finding, the data demonstrate only an association between maternal diet and the risk of peanut allergy in children.

"The data are not strong enough to prove a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, we can't say with certainty that eating more peanuts during pregnancy will prevent peanut allergy in children. But we can say that peanut consumption during pregnancy doesn't cause peanut allergy in children," Young says. "By linking maternal peanut consumption to reduced allergy risk we are providing new data to support the hypothesis that early allergen exposure increases tolerance and reduces risk of childhood food allergy."

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2013年12月28日星期六

First genetic model of human jaw fusion defect known as syngnathia

Dec. 19, 2013 — The face you critiqued in the mirror this morning was sculpted before you were born by a transient population of cells called neural crest cells. Those cells spring from neural tissue of the brain and embryonic spinal cord and travel throughout the body, where they morph into highly specialized bone structures, cartilage, connective tissue, and nerve cells.

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Occasionally, neural crest cell development goes awry, causing birth defects affecting regions as diverse as the head, heart or gut. The way these conditions, known collectively as neurocristopathies, manifest themselves depends on the subset of neural crest cells involved: dysfunction in the population moving toward the face, for example, produces defects in the jaw, facial musculature, tongue, teeth, or palate, among others.

Given the importance of neural crest cells throughout the body, biologists have keenly studied the factors that are important for their formation, migration and maturation. Now a paper from the lab of Paul Trainor, Ph.D., Investigator at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, describes a paradigm in which neural crest cells are formed normally, migrate properly but mature incorrectly. That paper, published in the Dec. 19, 2013, issue of PLOS Genetics, characterizes a mutant mouse that mimics a congenital disorder known as syngnathia in which children are born with fused upper and lower jaws and related facial anomalies.

This finding offers hope for better understanding of syngnathia, which is a relatively rare disease, and other more common craniofacial diseases affecting jaw development. "Almost a third of all birth defects involve the head and face," says Trainor, noting that most can be blamed on problems relevant to neural crest cells. "Our primary motivation has always been to understand what causes them."

The jumping off point for the new work was a molecular search the Trainor lab conducted to identify genes required for correct neural crest migration or maturation. One candidate that emerged encoded a protein called Foxc1, which is expressed embryonically in mesodermal and neural crest cell tissues of the head, immediately adjacent to the developing pharynx.

Molecular geneticists typically evaluate what a gene does by eradicating or "knocking out" that gene in an animal and then observing what happens. To test Foxc1 function, Kim Inman, Ph.D., a former postdoctoral fellow in the Trainor lab and the study's first author, carefully analyzed the miniscule facial bones as well as facial cartilage of newborn Foxc1 "knock-out" mice using red and blue stains that distinguish the two.

"We immediately saw that components of the upper jaw were misshapen and fused to the lower jaw dentary bone," says Inman, noting that mice also showed abnormal facial muscles and poor formation of the temporomandibular joint, the hinge that allows the jaw to open and close. "When we see defects like this, we immediately suspect neural crest failure."

The study confirms these suspicions, with a surprising twist. When the team used mouse neural crest cell markers to visualize cells moving toward the embryonic head, they observed fairly normal migration. However, upon arrival at jaw-forming regions neural cells which would normally mature into bone-producing cell, now did so in inappropriate locations.

One interpretation of the new findings is that in normal animals Foxc1, which is a DNA-binding protein, regulates expression of factors that either shape facial soft tissues, block bone construction, or both. In fact, the study builds a substantial case that one downstream signaling factor expressed in the embryonic jaw known as Fgf8 is just such a Foxc1 target. Thus, mice (and presumably humans) carrying a defective Foxc1 gene would display "syngnathic" traits due to loss of these signals.

The Trainor lab also focuses on neurocristopathies caused by impaired cell expansion or migration, such as a more common craniofacial disorder called Treacher Collins Syndrome, in which children exhibit small chins or jaws together with cleft palate, drooping eye slits and ear anomalies leading to hearing loss.

"In a condition like Treacher Collins we see a failure to make enough cells at the beginning of migration, while in syngnathia cells form properly but make bone in an inappropriate place due to loss of Foxc1," says Trainor. "This means there simply isn't going to be any one way to address all of these disorders. If you want to prevent or treat them you must understand how each originates cellularly and genetically."

Inman, now assistant professor of Natural Sciences at Shawnee State University in Portsmouth, Ohio, adds that craniofacial disorders carry a special stigma, one driven home by a sobering summary of over 50 human syngnathia case histories she compiled for the paper. That table lists the extent of jaw fusions and whether patients also showed cleft palate or tongue malformations. Some patients died in infancy, presumably from feeding disorders, while others survived thanks to surgical intervention.

"We need to devise new ways to treat craniofacial defects because of their tremendous medical need," she says. "But in this condition we are also talking about the face you present to the world. That face determines how you eat, talk, and interact with others. Having facial structures like everyone else is a tremendous part of who you are."

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