2013年8月31日星期六

Membranes contain beautiful patterns, but their function is a mystery

Membranes contain beautiful patterns, but their function is a mystery

Biological cells are surrounded by a membrane, and here some of the most important processes for sustaining life take place. There can also be something very beautiful happening in membranes, researchers from the University of Southern Denmark have discovered: Membranes can contain beautiful, mysterious patterns.

"We do not yet know what the possible biological function of this might be. There should be a reason for the patterns, we just have not discovered it yet," says associate professor Adam Cohen Simonsen, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark.

With his colleagues Jes Dreier, Jonathan Brewer, John Hjort Ipsen and Uffe Bernchou (now Odense University Hospital) from the research group MEMPHYS at Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Southern Denmark, he has discovered that cell membranes can form spectacular patterns.

The patterns are formed by highly organized lipids (fats) which make up the membrane, and the patterns vary according to conditions such as temperature and the particular type of lipid molecules. The scientists have recently published their latest work identifying two different patterns: a spiral pattern and a uniform pattern.

"This is just the beginning. There may be more than the two patterns we have identified," says Adam Cohen Simonsen.

The patterns are so difficult to "see" that only few research groups in the world yet have the experimental facilities required to visualize the mysterious patterns. In the laboratory at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense the scientists have constructed a custom-designed light microscope, which takes advantage of polarized light to reveal the patterns, and the scientists have managed to produce detailed microscope images of them.

The phenomenon -- that membranes can form such so-called texture patterns -- was discovered at SDU five years ago. Now the researchers have discovered the possibility of more than one pattern and, using artificial membranes, they have identified the conditions under which two particular types of patterns are formed in the laboratory.

Artificial membranes have the advantage that they can easily be spread out on a flat surface and placed under a microscope, while a cell membrane taken from a biological organism is round and much more difficult to work with. Like the membranes of living cells the artificial laboratory membranes are composed of different molecules, in this case, a particular family of lipid molecules -- phospholipids. These are also found in the biological cell membranes.

"The precise type of lipid molecules, that the membrane consists of, appears to play a big role. Some lipid molecules produce spiral patterns and other lipid molecules produce the uniform pattern. The molecules we use are not all of the same length, and therefore different molecules create different membrane thicknesses. The thickness of the membrane can vary from say 5 nm to 6 nm, depending on the molecules used," Adam Cohen Simonsen explains.

When he speaks about the thickness of the membrane, the important quantity is in fact the change in thickness of an elevated area of the membrane, where the lipid molecules are more densely packed. Such a densely packed region of the membrane is called a membrane domain, and it is in such areas that the patterns exist.

"The first pattern we discovered was the spiral pattern. It can be compared to the pattern that is created when you rake long grass in patterns. Lipid molecules are in this picture, like the leaves of grass, organized in a distinctive direction. The next pattern observed was the uniform pattern. Here we saw how lipid molecules organized themselves in a much simpler way, with all molecules pointing in the same direction. Our results suggest that it is the change in membrane thickness across a domain that determines whether one or the other pattern is formed," says Adam Cohen Simonsen.

It takes a few minutes for a spiral pattern to form in the laboratory where the growth takes place under controlled conditions. The formation starts at a relatively high temperature, 55 degrees Celsius, where the lipid molecules are in a liquid state and slide effortlessly around between each other. When the temperature drops, the lipid molecules start condensing together, and at app. 34 degrees the pattern formation starts.

"When we studied the spiral pattern, we saw that a nucleus was formed at 34 degrees, and that the spiral domain grew from the nucleus. It took approximately five minutes for it to finish," says Adam Cohen Simonsen.

"We have now shown that the type of pattern depends on which kind of lipid molecules that is present in the cell membrane. But what the function is -- or what significance, these patterns may have for the biological functionality of living cells -- that is something we do not know yet. It is the next big question," Adam Cohen Simonsen concludes.


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Sea-level rise drives shoreline retreat in Hawaii

Sea-level rise drives shoreline retreat in Hawaii

The authors of the work point out that knowing that SLR is a primary cause of shoreline change on a regional scale allows managers and other coastal zone decision-makers to target SLR impacts in their research programs and long-term planning. This study is confirmation that future SLR is a major concern for decision-makers charged with managing beaches.

"It is common knowledge among coastal scientists that sea level rise leads to shoreline recession," stated Dr. Brad Romine, coastal geologist with the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program. "Shorelines find an equilibrium position that is a balance between sediment availability and rising ocean levels. On an individual beach with adequate sediment availability, beach processes may not reflect the impact of SLR. With this research we confirm the importance of SLR as a primary driver of shoreline change on a regional to island-wide basis."

Globally-averaged sea-level rose at about 2 mm per year over the past century. Previous studies indicate that the rate of rise is now approximately 3 mm per year and may accelerate over coming decades. The results of the recent publication show that SLR is an important factor in historical shoreline change in Hawaii and will be increasingly important with projected SLR acceleration in this century. "Improved understanding of the influence of SLR on historical shoreline trends will aid in forecasting beach changes with increasing SLR," said Dr. Charles Fletcher, Associate Dean and Professor of Geology and Geophysics at the UHM SOEST.

"The research being conducted by SOEST provides us with an opportunity to anticipate SLR effects on coastal areas, including Hawaii's world famous beaches, coastal communities, and infrastructure. We hope this information will inform long range planning decisions and allow for the development of SLR adaptation plans," said Sam Lemmo, Administrator, Department of Land and natural Resources, Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands.

Results of island-wide historical trends indicate that Maui beaches are significantly more erosional than beaches on Oahu. On Maui, 78% of beaches eroded over the past century with an overall (island-wide) average shoreline change rate of 13 cm of erosion per year, while 52% of Oahu beaches eroded with an overall average shoreline change rate of 3 cm of erosion per year.

The variation in long-term relative SLR rates along the Hawaii archipelago is due, in large part, to variations in island subsidence with distance from actively growing Hawaii Island and/or variations in upper ocean water masses. The islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaii, with significantly different rates of localized sea-level rise (SLR has been approximately 65% higher rate on Maui) over the past century, provided a natural laboratory to investigate possible relations between historical shoreline changes and SLR.

Island-wide and regional historical shoreline trends were calculated for the islands using shoreline positions measured from aerial photographs and survey charts. Shoreline positions were manually digitized using photogrammetric and geographic information system (GIS) software from aerial photo mosaics and topographic and hydrographic survey charts provided by the National Ocean Service (NOS). Shoreline movement through time was measured using GIS software. Historical shoreline data were optimized to reduce anthropogenic influences (e.g., constructing seawalls or sand mining) on shoreline change measurements. The researchers controlled for influences other than SLR to determine if SLR remains as the best explanation for observed changes. They also utilized a series of consistency checks to determine if results are significant and to eliminate other possible explanations.


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Sideline teleconcussion robot to be tested at football games

Sideline teleconcussion robot to be tested at football games

Mayo Clinic will be working with NAU to test the feasibility of using a telemedicine robot to assess athletes with suspected concussions during football games as part of a research study. With sophisticated robotic technology, use of a specialized remote controlled camera system allows patients to be "seen" by the neurology specialist, miles away, in real time. During the study, the robot equipped with a specialized camera system, remotely operated by a Mayo Clinic neurologist located in Phoenix who has the ability to assess a player for symptoms and signs of a concussion and to consult with sideline medical personnel.

The first time the robot will be used in a game is this Friday, Aug. 30 when NAU kicks off its season against the University of Arizona in Tucson at 7 p.m. (MST).

"Athletes at professional and collegiate levels have lobbied for access to neurologic expertise on the sideline. As we seek new and innovative ways to provide the highest level of concussion care and expertise, we hope that teleconcussion can meet this need and give athletes at all levels immediate access to concussion experts," said Bert Vargas, M.D., a neurologist at Mayo Clinic who is heading up the research.

This study would be the first to explore whether a remote neurological assessment is as accurate as a face-to-face evaluation in identifying concussion symptoms and making return to play decisions. Mayo Clinic physicians will not provide medical consultations during the study, they will only assess the feasibility of using the technology. If it appears feasible, this may open the door for countless schools, athletic teams, and organizations without access to specialized care to use similar portable technology for sideline assessments.

"As nearly 60 percent of U.S. high schools do not have access to an athletic trainer, youth athletes, who are more susceptible to concussion and its after-effects, have the fewest safeguards in place to identify possible concussion signs and symptoms at the time of injury, Dr. Vargas says. "Teleconcussion is one way to bridge this gap regardless of when or where they may be playing."

Others involved collegiate sports agree.

"At NAU, our primary goal is to provide an outstanding student-athlete experience culminating in graduation," says Dr. Lisa Campos, vice president for Intercollegiate Athletics at Northern Arizona University. "We charge our staff to research the most current and best practices to ensure the safety and care of our students. Partnering with the Mayo Clinic in its telemedicine study will further this research and potentially improve diagnosis for rural areas that may not have access to team doctors or neurologists. The study allows the NAU Sports Medicine Staff and team doctors to continue to make all diagnoses and return to play decisions for our students, while investigating the effectiveness and efficiencies of telemedicine. We are excited to have the teleconcussion robot on our sideline this fall."

"There were a number of examples last football season where college football players clearly demonstrating concussion-like symptoms were quickly thrown back in games or weren't even taken out of the game for an evaluation," said Ramogi Huma, executive director of the National College Players Association. "College football players are in desperate need for independent concussion experts on the sidelines, and this study could help make that safeguard a reality."

Mayo Clinic in Arizona first used telemedicine technology with the telestroke program in 2007, when statistics revealed that 40 percent of residents in Arizona did not live in an area where they were availed of stroke expertise. Mayo Clinic was the first medical center in Arizona to do pioneering clinical research to study telemedicine as a means of serving patients with stroke in non-urban settings, and today serves as the "hub" in a network of 12 "spoke" centers, all but one in Arizona. Since the telestroke program began nearly 3,000 emergency consultations for neurological emergencies like stroke between Mayo neurologists and physicians at the spoke centers have taken place.

In 2011, Mayo Clinic expanded its telemedicine evaluations to include concussion evaluations. Concussion experts at the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Concussion Program in Arizona coined the term "teleconcussion" and described the concept as an effective means to assess concussed patients in a case study published in the December 2012 issue of Telemedicine and e-Health.

"Teleconcussion is an excellent new example of connected care in action, as athletes with suspected concussion, anywhere and anytime, can be effectively connected to Mayo Clinic concussion knowledge and expertise," says Bart Demaerschalk, M.D., co-author of study, Director of Mayo Clinic Teleneurology and Telestroke, and Chair of American Academy of Neurology Telemedicine Work Group.


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Researchers a step closer to finding cosmic ray origins

Researchers a step closer to finding cosmic ray origins

Cosmic rays can damage electronics on Earth, as well as human DNA, putting astronauts in space especially at risk.

The research, which draws on data collected by IceTop, the IceCube Observatory's surface array of detectors, is published online in Physical Review D, a leading journal in elementary particle physics.

University of Delaware physicist Bakhtiyar Ruzybayev is the study's corresponding author. UD scientists were the lead group for the construction of IceTop with support from the National Science Foundation and coordination by the project office at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

The more scientists learn about the energy spectrum and chemical composition of cosmic rays, the closer humanity will come to uncovering where these energetic particles originate.

Cosmic rays are known to reach energies above 100 billion giga-electron volts (1011 GeV). The data reported in this latest paper cover the energy range from 1.6 times 106 GeV to 109 GeV.

Researchers are particularly interested in identifying cosmic rays in this interval because the transition from cosmic rays produced in the Milky Way Galaxy to "extragalactic" cosmic rays, produced outside our galaxy, is expected to occur in this energy range.

Exploding stars called supernovae are among the sources of cosmic rays here in the Milky Way, while distant objects such as collapsing massive stars and active galactic nuclei far from the Milky Way are believed to produce the highest energy particles in nature.

As Ruzybayev points out, the cosmic-ray energy spectrum does not follow a simple power law between the "knee" around 4 PeV (peta-electron volts) and the "ankle" around 4 EeV (exa-electron volts), as previously thought, but exhibits features like hardening around 20 PeV and steepening around 130 PeV.

"The spectrum steepens at the 'knee,' which is generally interpreted as the beginning of the end of the galactic population. Below the knee, cosmic rays are galactic in origin, while above that energy, particles from more distant regions in our universe become more and more likely," Ruzybayev explained. "These measurements provide new constraints that must be satisfied by any models that try to explain the acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays."

IceTop consists of 81 stations in its final configuration, covering an area of one square kilometer on the South Pole surface above the detectors of IceCube, which are buried over a mile deep in the ice. The analysis presented in this article was performed using data taken from June 2010 to May 2011, when the array consisted of only 73 stations.

The IceCube collaboration includes nearly 250 people from 39 research institutions in 11 countries, including the University of Delaware.


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LED Lighting Proved: Why LED efficiency drops at high current

LED Lighting Proved: Why LED efficiency drops at high current

2013/08/30

04sep13RensselaerResearchers at the US Rensselaer Polytechnic have proven a link between LED efficiency drop at high current and carrier mobility. Better lighting LEDs could result.

“Efficiency droop, first reported in 1999, has been a key obstacle in the development of LED lighting for situations, like household lighting, that call for economical sources of versatile and bright light,” said the university.

Published in Applied Physics Letters, the work shows that at high current an electric field develops within the p-type region of the diode allowing electrons to escape the active region where they would otherwise re-combine with holes to emit photons – a mechanism previously proposed, but not proven, said Rensselaer.

“We measure excellent correlation between the onset of field build-up and the onset of droop. This is clear evidence that the mechanism is electron leakage, and we can describe it quantitatively,” said Rensselaer researcher David Meyaard. “For example, in one result reported in the paper, we show the onset of high injection and the onset of droop and you can see that they are very nicely correlated. And that was just not possible in the past because there was really no theoretical model that described how electron leakage really works.”

“If the holes and the electrons had similar properties, there is a symmetry; both would meet in the middle, where the quantum well is, and there they recombine,” said Professor Fred Schubert. “What we have instead is a material system where the electrons are much more mobile than the holes. And because they are very mobile, they diffuse more easily, they also react more easily to an electric field. Because of that asymmetry, or disparity, we have a propensity of the electrons to shoot over and to be extracted from the quantum well. And so they don’t meet the hole in the active region and so they don’t emit light.”

Based on the theoretical model, Meyaard and Schubert will look for LED structures that reduce the issue.

The paper is ‘Identifying the cause of the efficiency droop in GaInN light-emitting diodes by correlating the onset of high injection with the onset of the efficiency droop.’


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2013年8月30日星期五

General Future Horizons IEF 2013 in Dublin Oct 2-4.

General Future Horizons IEF 2013 in Dublin Oct 2-4.

2013/08/30

The Future Horizons 2013 International Executive Forum opens in Dublin on October 2nd. Speakers include Ajit Manocha, CEO of Globalfoundries and Michael LeGoff, CEO of Plessey Semiconductors.

Jacques Noels is also there – the former CEO of the Thomson half of the SGS-Thomson merger, now ST.

Jack Harding, CEO of eSilicon, whose appearances are always ebullient and entertaining is presenting, and so is the accomplished and challenging speaker Wally Rhines, CEO of Mentor.

Other speakers are senior executives from TSMC, Imec, Verisilicon, IQE and a number of other compsnies.

This year’s Future Horizons International Executive Forum is on October 2-4.


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Communications, General Broadcom uses Wi-Fi Direct to link wearable electronics to the cloud

Communications, General Broadcom uses Wi-Fi Direct to link wearable electronics to the cloud

2013/08/30

iwicedBroadcom says companies developing wearable electronic systems will find it easier to link to the cloud via smart mobile devices with the integration of a device-to-device Wi-Fi interface into its WICED embedded wireless platform.

The company has integrated the Wi-Fi Direct point-to-point interface into its WICED platform. This allows a consumer to directly connect two Wi-Fi devices together without the need for an access point or computer.

Broadcom said its WICED platform is being used in blood pressure monitors, glucometers, smart watches and fitness monitors.

It believes support for Wi-Fi Direct, which does not need a Wi-Fi access point or computer, will bee used in the development of smart clothing and other wearable sensors.

For example, Bluetooth Smart and Wi-Fi links allows for data to be collected from wearable devices and transferred to a smartphone or into the cloud in low power systems.

“OEMs creating wearable products require interoperable technology that will allow these new devices to connect with smartphones and tablets available today,” said Joshua Flood, Senior Analyst, ABI Research.

For Bluetooth Smart this already exists and the GATT, Generic Attribute Profile, simplies the development of applications allowing them to run easily on different platfiorms such as iOS, Android and Windows 8.

Wi-Fi is now following a similar route.

Related blogs
What is… a GATT Service?
CSR launches smart chip, as Google’s Android supports Bluetooth


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SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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Business Server CPU from Imagination next year

Business Server CPU from Imagination next year

2013/08/30

Imagination intends to bring out a CPU for servers next year. The chip will be based on the MIPS architecture and will be aimed at low power hyperscale servers which are increasingly being required by big server farm operators like Google, Facebook and Microsoft.

Imagination bought MIPS for $100 million last year. “We didn’t acquire MIPS for the hell of it,” says Sir Hossein Yassaie, Imagination’s CEO, “the intent with MIPS is to cover all the markets where a CPU is relevant.”

Yassaie is preparing for a long-term play in servers. It was a seven year gestation for ARM from planning a server strategy to getting some revenues from server chips. “For us to be a significant player it will take several years,” says Yassaie.

For one thing, he’s got to find manufacturers willing to build Imagination CPUs into server ICs in a market dominated by x86.

But, post MIPS, Yassaie Is setting his sights high. “We are aiming to have 25 per cent market share of the CPU IP market,” says Yassaie.


Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

we are focus on the following fields,and hope we can help you.


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Business Chips looking good

Business Chips looking good

2013/08/30

The worldwide semiconductor market is back to a healthy level of growth, says Bill Jewell at Semiconductor Intelligence.

“WSTS data shows the 2Q 2013 global semiconductor market was up 6.0% from 1Q 2013 – the strongest quarter-to-quarter growth since 6.6% growth in 2Q 2011″ says Jewell, “recent forecasts for 2013 market growth range from a conservative 2.1% from WSTS to an optimistic “up to 10%” from Objective Analysis. We at Semiconductor Intelligence are holding to our May number of 6.0% growth.”

Forecasts for 2014 have a wide range – from IDC’s 2.9% (the only forecaster to show slower growth in 2014 than in 2013) to “over 20%” from Objective Analysis.

Semiconductor Intelligence has increased its forecast for 2014 to 15% from its May forecast of 12%.

The various % growth forecasts for 2013 and 2014 are:

WSTS. 2 and 5
Objective Analysis. 10 and 20
IHS 4.7 and 7
Future Horizons. 6.9 and 10
IDC. 6.9 and 2.9
Mike Cowan. 3.1 and 5.6
Semi Intelligence. 6 and 15

The average for the 2014 forecasts shown is 9.4%, which is a strong growth rate for the semiconductor market considering the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from the prior cycle peak in 2004 to the current cycle peak in 2010 was 5.8%.

How certain is the outlook for 2013? To reach 6% growth for the year, 3Q 2013 and 4Q 2013 quarter-to-quarter growth would need to average 6.4%. This growth rate is reasonable based on the 3Q 2013 versus 2Q 2013 revenue growth guidance from major semiconductor companies.

For Q3 growth over Q2, Intel’s mid-point guidance is 5%, Qualcomm is flat, TI 6%, ST is flat, Broadcom 4%, Renesas 5%, Infineon 3% and AMD 22%.

The midpoint of 3Q 2013 revenue guidance for most of the companies above is in the range of 3% to 6%.

AMD projects 22% growth due to new products and design wins.

Qualcomm expects flat revenue quarter-to-quarter based on the timing of key new product releases.

ST’s outlook for a flat 3Q is blamed on its struggling wireless business. Excluding wireless, ST expects 3.5% growth.

The upper end of guidance is in the upper single digit or double digit range for most of the companies.

Samsung did not provide specific revenue guidance but expects 3Q demand growth for both DRAM and flash in its memory business and strong demand growth for image sensors in its LSI business.

The weighted average midpoint 3Q 2013 revenue growth for the above companies is 4.2% versus 3.7% growth in 2Q 2013.

This compares to WSTS’ 6.0% 2Q 2013 market growth. So smaller semiconductor companies generally are experiencing stronger growth than the major companies listed above.


Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

we are focus on the following fields,and hope we can help you.


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Business PC prospects worsen

Business PC prospects worsen

2013/08/30

For the PC industry, prospects get worse and worse. IDC cut its 2013 market figure to minus 9.7%.

IDC has also slightly reduced its forecast for the tablet market as people turn to big-screen smartphones or phablets.

Even so, tablets are still expected to grow 58% this year.

For PCs, IDC has been reducing its its expectations as the year has gone on. In March it was forecasting a 1.3% drop; in May it was forecasting a 7.8% drop; now its forecast is 9.7%.

At this rate it’s going to look pretty horrible for Intel, Microsoft, HP, Nvidia, Dell, AMD et al by Christmas-time.


Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

we are focus on the following fields,and hope we can help you.


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Bacteria supplemented their diet to clean up after Deep Water Horizon oil

Bacteria supplemented their diet to clean up after Deep Water Horizon oil

Aug. 29, 2013 — Bacteria living in the Gulf of Mexico beaches were able to 'eat up' the contamination from the Deep Water Horizon oil spill by supplementing their diet with nitrogen, delegates at the Goldschmidt conference will be told today, Friday 30th August.


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Professor Joel Kostka will tell geochemists gathered in Florence for the conference that detailed genetic analysis showed some of the bacteria thrived on a diet of oil because they were able to fix nitrogen from the air. The research -- the first to use next generation sequencing technologies to dig into the detail of how the native beach microbes are metabolising the oil over time -- could open the door to much more sophisticated clean up techniques.

"Oil is a natural product, made of decayed plants and animals, and so is similar to the normal food sources for these bacteria." explains Professor Kostka, a microbiologist from Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. "But because oil is low in nutrients such as nitrogen, this can limit how fast the bacteria grow and how quickly they are able to break down the oil. Our analysis showed that some bacteria are able to solve this problem themselves -- by getting their own nitrogen from the air."

Professor Kostka worked with Professor Markus Huettel, a biogeochemist from Florida State University, to take more than 500 samples over two years from Pensacola beach in the Gulf of Mexico, starting when the Deep Water Horizon oil slick first came ashore in June 2010. By analysing every gene of every bacteria in the sample, they were able to see which bacteria were present and how they responded as the conditions on the beach changed.The researchers looked at the prevalence of genes which encode for different types of activity -- such as nitrogen fixing or phosphorus uptake -- to identify exactly how the bacteria were degrading the oil.

"By understanding how the oil is degraded by microbes, which microbes do the work, and the impact of the surrounding environmental conditions, we can develop ways to intervene to support the natural clean-up process," says Professor Kostka. "However, we need to do this in a very measured and targeted way, to avoid long-term, unintended damage to the ecosystem. For example, in the past, nitrogen fertiliser has been sprayed onto contaminated beaches to speed up the work of the bacteria. Our analysis shows that, where bacteria can get this nitrogen naturally, such drastic intervention may not be necessary."

The genetic analysis carried out by Professor Kostka and his colleague Konstantinos Konstantinidis at Georgia Tech can show exactly how the oil-degrading bacteria are working at each part of an affected coastline, making it possible to identify which beaches are most effective at self-cleaning and target mitigation efforts -- such as offshore booms -- at the most vulnerable areas.But not all the bacteria thrived on a diet of oil. Professor Kostka's research showed that some bacteria which play an important role in the ecosystem of the beaches experienced a sharp decline following the contamination in June 2010.

"There's a tendency to focus on the short-term, visible effects of an oil spill on the beach and assume that once the beach looks 'clean' then all is back to normal," he says. "Our analysis shows some of the invisible impact in the loss of these important microbes. We need to be aware of the long-term chronic damage both a spill -- and in some cases our attempts to deal with it -- can cause."



Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

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